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The Story of

Sudan

1506 BCE – 2025

Country in Northeast Africa

  1. 1989 Sudanese coup d'état

    30 June 1989

    A bloodless coup d'état in Sudan overthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Ahmed al-Mirghani on 30 June 1989, ending Sudan's third democratic era. Carried out by a faction of the Sudanese Armed Forces heavily infiltrated and directed by the National Islamic Front (NIF), the coup was led by Brigadier General Omar al-Bashir and architected by Islamist ideologue Hassan al-Turabi, establishing a totalitarian military-religious regime that ruled the country for the next 30 years until its overthrow in 2019.

  2. 1993 Sudan famine

    1993

    In 1993, a famine in Sudan occurred amidst political unrest and the then ongoing Second Sudanese Civil War.

  3. 1998 Sudan famine

    1998

    The famine in Sudan in 1998 was a humanitarian disaster caused mainly by the Second Sudanese Civil War, including attacks on civilians, mass displacement, the destruction and seizure of food resources, and restrictions on humanitarian aid, with drought linked to El Niño as a contributing factor. The worst affected area was Bahr el Ghazal in southwestern Sudan.

  4. Second Congo War

    2 August 1998 – 30 June 2003

    The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War or the Great War of Africa, was a major conflict that began on 2 August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), just over a year after the First Congo War. The war initially erupted when Congolese president Laurent-Désiré Kabila turned against his former allies from Rwanda and Uganda, who had helped him seize power.

  5. Darfur genocide

    23 February 2003 – 2008

    The Darfur genocide was the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people during the War in Darfur. The genocide, which was carried out against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups, led the International Criminal Court (ICC) to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture.

  6. War in Darfur

    26 February 2003 – 31 August 2020

    The War in Darfur, also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War, was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs.

  7. 2007 Sudan floods

    3 July 2007

    On 3 July 2007, flash floods during Sudan's rainy season devastated much of the country's central, southern, and western regions. The Sudanese government referred to the floods as the "worst in living memory".

  8. Sudan Airways Flight 109

    10 June 2008

    Sudan Airways Flight 109 was a scheduled international Amman–Damascus–Khartoum passenger flight, operated with an Airbus A310 by the flag carrier of Sudan, Sudan Airways. On 10 June 2008, at approximately 17:26 UTC, the Airbus A310 crashed on landing at Khartoum International Airport, killing 30 of the 214 occupants on board.

  9. 2012 Sudan Antonov An-26 crash

    19 August 2012

    On 19 August 2012, an Antonov An-26 airplane of Alfa Airlines crashed near the town of Talodi, Sudan, killing all 32 occupants on board. The aircraft was carrying a Sudanese government delegation, and among the victims were members of the Sudanese government, several high-ranking members of the Sudanese Armed Forces and other officials, and a television crew.

  10. 2013 Sudan floods

    2013

    Continuous and heavy rains in much of Sudan, starting in early August 2013, resulted in flood damage in at least 14 of 18 Sudanese states. Over 300,000 people are reported to have been affected, with over 25,000 homes reported destroyed.

  11. Sudanese Revolution

    19 December 2018

    The Sudanese revolution (Arabic: الثورة السودانية, romanised: al-Thawrah al-Sūdānīyah) was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018 and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed President Omar al-Bashir on 11 April after thirty years in power. On 3 June, the Khartoum massacre took place under the leadership of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) that replaced al-Bashir, and in July and August 2019 the TMC and the Forces of Freedom and…

  12. 2019 Sudanese coup d'état

    11 April 2019

    A coup d'état overthrew President Omar al-Bashir and his three-decade authoritarian regime in Sudan on 11 April 2019, after months of widespread popular protests demanding his departure. Led by Defense Minister Lieutenant General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf, the high command of the Sudanese Armed Forces dissolved the National Legislature, suspended the constitution, and declared a three-month state of emergency, before ultimately agreeing to a power-sharing arrangement with civilian forces that paved the way for a transitional government.

  13. Khartoum massacre

    3 June 2019

    The Khartoum massacre occurred on 3 June 2019, when the armed forces of the Sudanese Transitional Military Council, headed by the Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan of the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and his deputy, Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the immediate successor organisation to the Janjaweed militia, used heavy gunfire and tear gas to disperse a sit-in by protestors in Khartoum, killing over 100 people. It has been difficult to assess the actual number killed.

  14. Sudanese transition to democracy

    5 July 2019 – 25 October 2021

    A series of political agreements among Sudanese political and military forces for a democratic transition in Sudan began in July 2019. Omar al-Bashir overthrew the democratically elected government of Sadiq al-Mahdi in 1989 and was himself overthrown in the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état, in which he was replaced by the Transitional Military Council (TMC) after months of sustained street protests.

  15. COVID-19 pandemic

    1 December 2019

    The global COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It spread to other parts of Asia and then worldwide in early 2020.

  16. 2020 Sudan floods

    2020

    In September 2020, profuse and continuous rainfall in Sudan caused a devastating flood across 17 out of the 18 states Sudanese states with the Blue Nile reaching water levels not seen for nearly a century. It ranks among the most severe floods recorded in the region.

  17. 2020 African Sahel floods

    August 2020 – September 2020

    In all of 2020, flooding affected 2.7 million people in 18 countries in West and Central Africa and destroyed 197,000 houses, with many regions recording excess rainfalls. The number of flood-affected people this year was more than twice the case in 2019.

  18. 2021 Sudanese coup d'état

    25 October 2021

    On 25 October 2021, the Sudanese military, led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, took control of the Government of Sudan in a military coup. At least five senior government figures were initially detained.

  19. 2022 Sudan floods

    2022

    The 2022 Sudan floods saw the figure for flood-affected people in Sudan exceed the figure for 2021, rising to 314,500. From 2017 to 2021, there were 388,600 people affected by floods annually.

  20. Kreinik massacre

    21 April 2022 – 25 April 2022

    Beginning on April 21, 2022, clashes broke out between Janjaweed and Masalit civilians in the Kreinik refugee camp near El Geneina, West Darfur. These led to massacres over the following days by Janjaweed and the Rapid Support Forces, with hundreds of civilians killed.